Tensile strength | Mecmesin

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Tensile testing is the most common method employed to determine the mechanical strength of an object. It involves the application of uniaxial force to measure the performance of a test specimen, up to the point of it yielding or breaking, whether sharply or gradually. In simple terms, it is pulling something apart in a straight line and seeing how it changes.

In cases where pulling in tension to reach ultimate failure is not required, the tensile strength of an object can often be characterised by its elongation and relaxation properties, as in elastomers and springs.

The sample under test may be a specimen of raw material or a processed manufactured product. The specimen is usually held between 2 tensile grips and load is applied at a constant rate by a tension/compression tester fitted with a loadcell. Data is collected and can be plotted on a graph showing the curve of force/extension or stress/strain.

Calculations are typically performed on the data with results presented most commonly as:

tensile strength - the ultimate strength of a material subjected to tensile loading, it is the maximum stress developed in a material during a tensile test
break strength - the load at which a break is detected, as defined by a drop in load. It may be different from tensile strength
yield strength - the maximum stress that can be applied to a material without causing plastic deformation, it is the stress at which a material exhibits permanent deformation and is a practical approximation of the elastic limit
Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity) - the gradient of the stress vs strain graph where the relationship between stress and strain is linear

Tensile testing is an important part of the design for ensuring product safety and integrity, as well as being an essential part of quality-control testing for consistency in manufacture and assembly.

Some of our customers

Featured case studies

MultiTest 50-i cable suspension system tester in-situ

Tensile testing wire joining systems

Tension testing face mask loops for attachment strength

Face mask strength testing

Puncture resistance test of protective glove material specimen to ISO 374

Surgical rubber glove tensile strength testing

Standards

Featured or equivalent test standards for Mecmesin solutions in this section

*corp Ford DSEU

Car door slam energy test

*corp M&S-P11

Tensile strength of woven fabrics

29 073-3

Textilien Prüfverfahren für Vliesstoffe Teil 3: Bestimmung der Höchstzugkraft und der Höchstzugkraftdehnung

ANSI/EIA 364-38B

Cable pull-out test procedure for electrical connectors

ASTM C1341

Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites

ASTM C1368

Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature

ASTM C907

Standard Test Method for Tensile Adhesive Strength of Preformed Tape Sealants by Disk Method

ASTM D1414

Standard Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings

ASTM D143

Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber

ASTM D1578

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form

ASTM D1683

Standard Test Method for Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven Apparel Fabrics

ASTM D1708

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics by Use of Microtensile Specimens

ASTM D1710

Standard Specification for Extruded Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Rod, Heavy Walled Tubing and Basic Shapes

ASTM D2061

Standard Test Methods for Strength Tests for Zippers

ASTM D2062

Standard Test Methods for Operability of Zippers

ASTM D2105

Standard Test Method for Longitudinal Tensile Properties of "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Tube

ASTM D2256

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

ASTM D2343

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber Strands, Yarns, and Rovings Used in Reinforced Plastics

ASTM D2653

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

ASTM D3039 / D3039M

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

ASTM D3354

Standard Test Method for Blocking Load of Plastic Film by the Parallel Plate Method

ASTM D349

Standard Test Methods for Laminated Round Rods Used for Electrical Insulation

ASTM D3577

Standard Specification for Rubber Surgical Gloves

ASTM D3578

Standard Specification for Rubber Examination Gloves

ASTM D378

Standard Test Methods for Rubber (Elastomeric) Conveyor Belting, Flat Type

ASTM D3807

Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in Cleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-to-Engineering Plastics)

ASTM D3822

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers

ASTM D3826

Standard Practice for Determining Degradation End Point in Degradable Polyethylene and Polypropylene Using a Tensile Test

ASTM D3916

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Pultruded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Rod

ASTM D3950

Standard Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Joining Methods)

ASTM D412-16

Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers— Tension1

ASTM D4632-08

Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles

ASTM D4649-03

Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Stretch Wrap Films

ASTM D4766

Adhesion of Tire Cords and Other Reinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Procedure

ASTM D4776 / D4776M-18

Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Tire Cords and Other Reinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Procedure

ASTM D5034-09

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)

ASTM D5035-11

Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)

ASTM D5083-17

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics Using Straight-Sided Specimens

ASTM D5450/D5450M-11

Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

ASTM D5766 / D5766-M

Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

ASTM D6324-11

Standard Specification for Male Condoms Made from Polyurethane

ASTM D638-14

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

ASTM D6693-04

Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes

ASTM D6713-14

Standard Specification for Extruded and Compression Molded Shapes Made from Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)

ASTM D7269/D7269M-11

Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns

ASTM D751-06

Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics

ASTM D76-99

Standard Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles

ASTM D876 - 13

Standard Test Methods for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Polymer Tubing Used for Electrical Insulation

ASTM D885/D885M-10a

Standard Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured Organic-Base Fibers

ASTM D953-18

Standard Test Method for Pin-Bearing Strength of Plastics

ASTM E1012-12e1

Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application

ASTM E345-93

Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil

ASTM E8/E8M-13a

Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials

ASTM F152-95

Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Nonmetallic Gasket Materials

ASTM F2018

Standard Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastics Using Plane Strain Tensile Specimens

ASTM F458-13

Standard Practice for Nondestructive Pull Testing of Wire Bonds

BS 1726-2

Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar. Guide to methods of specifying, tolerances and testing. Part 2, extension springs

BS 2782-12: 1210A to C

Plastics piping systems. Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes. Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties

BS 373

Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber

BS 6319-7

Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction. Method for measurement of tensile strength

BS 7907

Code of practice for the design and manufacture of childrens clothing to promote mechanical safety

BS EN 12209

Building hardware. Locks and latches. Mechanically operated locks, latches and locking plates. Requirements and test methods

BS EN 12311-1

Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Determination of tensile properties. Bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing

BS EN 12311-2

Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Determination of tensile properties. Plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing

BS EN 12562

Textiles. Para-amid multifilament yarns. Test methods

BS EN 1263-1

Safety nets Safety requirements, test methods

BS EN 12655

Gymnastic equipment. Hanging rings. Functional and safety requirements, test methods

BS EN 12697-23

Bituminous mixtures. Test methods. Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens

BS EN 12814-2

Testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products. Tensile test

BS EN 12814-6

Testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products. Low temperature tensile test

BS EN 12814-7

Testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products. Tensile test with waisted test specimens

BS EN 1393

Plastics piping systems. Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes. Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties

BS EN 1394

Plastics piping systems. Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes. Determination of the apparent initial circumferential tensile strength

BS EN 14350-1

Child use and care articles. Drinking equipment. General and mechanical requirements and tests

BS EN 14372

Child use and care articles - Cutlery and feeding utensils - Safety requirements and tests

BS EN 1607

Thermal insulating products for building applications - Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to faces

BS EN 1608

Thermal insulating products for building applications. Determination of tensile strength parallel to faces

BS EN 16732

Slide fasteners (zips). Specification

BS EN 2307

Fibre ropes. Determination of certain physical and mechanical properties

BS EN 2591-417

Aerospace series. Elements of electrical and optical connection. Test methods. Tensile strength (crimped connection)

BS EN 2591-709

Aerospace series. Elements of electrical and optical connection. Test methods. Electrical elements. Tensile strength of couplers

BS EN 2597

Carbon fibre reinforced plastics. Unidirectional laminates. Tensile test perpendicular to the fibre direction

BS EN 2747

Glass fibre reinforced plastics. Tensile test

BS EN 29073-3

Methods of test for nonwovens. Determination of tensile strength and elongation

BS EN 319

Particleboards and fibreboards - Determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board

BS EN 3475-505

Aerospace series. Cables, electrical, aircraft use. Test methods. Tensile test on conductors and strands

BS EN 50289-3-16

Communication cables. Specifications for test methods. Mechanical test methods. Cable tensile performance

BS EN 50289-3-2

Communication cables. Specifications for test methods. Mechanical test methods. Tensile strength and elongation for conductor

BS EN 50289-3-4

Communication cables. Specifications for test methods. Mechanical test methods. Tensile strength, elongation and shrinkage of insulation and sheath

BS EN 564

Mountaineering equipment. Accessory cord. Safety requirements and test methods

BS EN 565

Mountaineering equipment. Tape. Safety requirements and test methods

BS EN 60793-1-31

Optical fibres. Measurement methods and test procedures. Tensile strength

BS EN 61067-2

Glass and polyester fibre woven tapes. Method of test

BS EN 61300-2-4

Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components - Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-4: Tests - Fibre/cable retention

BS EN 61300-2-6

Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components - Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-6: Tests - Tensile strength of coupling mechanism

BS EN 62275

Cable management systems. Cable ties for electrical installations

BS EN ISO 10319

Geosynthetics. Wide-width tensile tests

BS EN ISO 10555-5

Intravascular catheters. Sterile and single-use catheters. Over-needle peripheral catheters

BS EN ISO 10618

Carbon fibre. Determination of tensile properties of resin-impregnated yarn

BS EN ISO 12230

Surfaces for sports areas. Determination of tensile properties of synthetic sports surfaces

BS EN ISO 12625-12

Tissue paper and tissue products -- Part 12: Determination of tensile strength of perforated lines -- Calculation of perforation efficiency

BS EN ISO 13002

Carbon fibre. Designation system for filament yarns

BS EN ISO 13262

Thermoplastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage. Thermoplastics spirally-formed structured-wall pipes. Determination of the tensile strength of a seam

BS EN ISO 13934-1

Textiles. Tensile properties of fabrics. Determination of maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method

BS EN ISO 13934-2

Textiles. Tensile properties of fabrics. Determination of maximum force using the grab method

BS EN ISO 1421

Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics. Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break

BS EN ISO 1806

Fishing nets. Determination of mesh breaking force of netting

BS EN ISO 2062

Textiles. Yarns from packages. Determination of single-end breaking force and elongation at break using constant rate of extension (CRE) tester

BS EN ISO 4074

Natural latex rubber condoms. Requirements and test methods

BS EN ISO 527-1

Plastics. Determination of tensile properties. General principles

BS EN ISO 527-2

Plastics. Determination of tensile properties. Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics

BS EN ISO 6259-1

Thermoplastics pipes. Determination of tensile properties. General test method

BS EN ISO 6892-1

Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Part 1: Method of test at room temperature

BS EN ISO 6892-2

Metallic materials – Tensile testing. Part 2: Method of test at elevated temperature (ISO 6892-2:2018)

BS EN ISO 8670-2

Ostomy collection bags. Requirements and test methods

BS EN ISO 9163

Textile glass. Rovings. Manufacture of test specimens and determination of tensile strength of impregnated rovings

BS ISO 5893

Rubber and plastics test equipment - Tensile, flexural and compression types (constant rate of traverse) - Specification

BS ISO 6939

Textiles - Yarns from packages - Method of test for breaking strength of yarn by the skein method

BS ISO 7322

Composition cork. Test methods

DIN 3419-1

Slide fasteners - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions

DIN EN 10002-1

Tensile testing of metallic materials. Method of test at ambient temperature

EN 149

Respiratory protective devices - Filtering half masks to protect against particles - Requirements, testing, marking

FEFCO 4-6,8,11,50,55

Introduction to the development of FEFCO Testing Methods for corrugated board and boxes

IEC 60371-2

specification for insulating materials based on mica - part 2 methods of test

IEC 61196-1-308

Coaxial communication cables - Part 1-308: Mechanical test methods - Test for tensile strength and elongation for copper-clad metals

IEC 61210

Connecting devices - Flat quick-connect terminations for electrical copper conductors - Safety requirements

ISBT PTC-00004

Sports Closures Voluntary Standard Performance Specifications and Test Methods

ISO 11070

Sterile single-use intravascular introducers, dilators and guidewires

ISO 12625-4

Tissue paper and tissue products - Part 4: Determination of tensile strength, stretch at break and tensile energy absorption

ISO 12625-5

Tissue paper and tissue products - Part 5: Determination of wet tensile strength

ISO 1421

Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break

ISO 1798

Flexible cellular polymeric materials -- Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break

ISO 1805

Fishing nets — Determination of breaking force and knot breaking force of netting yarns

ISO 1924-1

paper and board - determination of tensile properties - Part 1: constant rate of loading method

ISO 1926

Rigid cellular plastics -- Determination of tensile properties

ISO 21180

Light conveyor belts -- Determination of the maximum tensile strength

ISO 283

Textile conveyor belts -- Full thickness tensile strength, elongation at break and elongation at the reference load -- Test method

ISO 37

Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tensile stress-strain properties

ISO 3781

Paper and board -- Determination of tensile strength after immersion in water

ISO 5079

Textile fibres -- Determination of breaking force and elongation at break of individual fibres

ISO 527-3

Plastics -- Determination of tensile properties -- Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets

ISO 527-4

Plastics -- Determination of tensile properties -- Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites

ISO 527-5

Plastics -- Determination of tensile properties -- Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites

ISO 7622-2

Steel cord conveyor belts -- Longitudinal traction test -- Part 2: Measurement of tensile strength

ISO 9073-18

Textiles - Test methods for nonwovens - Part 18: Determination of breaking strength and elongation of nonwoven materials using the grab tensile test

ISO 9073-3

Textiles - Test methods for nonwovens - Part 3: Determination of tensile strength and elongation

JIS S3015

Methods for Measuring Zipper Dimensions Standard Test Methods for Strength

MIL S-23190E

Military specification: straps, clamps, and mounting hardware, plastic and metal for cable harness tying and support

NF S86-604

Horology - Characterization of metallic bracelets for watches

NF S86-606

Watch industry. Test methods for leather and non-metallic bracelets

SAE USCAR-38

Performance Specification for Ultrasonically Welded Wire/Cable Termination

TAPPI T 1009

Tensile strength and elongation at break for fiber glass mats

TAPPI T 456

Wet tensile breaking strength of paper and paperboard

TAPPI T 541

Internal bond strength of paperboard (z-direction tensile)

TAPPI T 576

Tensile properties of towel and tissue products (using constant rate of elongation apparatus)

TAPPI T 821

Pin adhesion of corrugated board by selective separation

ASTM C297

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions

ASTM C393

Standard Test Method for Core Shear Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Beam Flexure

ASTM D3217

Standard Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations

ASTM D6862-11

Standard Test Method for 90 Degree Peel Resistance of Adhesives

ASTM F2923

Standard Specification for Consumer Product Safety for Children’s Jewelry

ASTM F2999

Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Adult Jewelry

BS EN 12090

Thermal insulating products for building applications. Determination of shear behaviour

BS EN 12430

Thermal insulating products for building applications. Determination of behaviour under point load

BS EN 60352-2

Solderless connections. Crimped connections. General requirements, test methods and practical guidance

BS EN 71-1

Safety of toys. Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties

BS EN ISO 3376

Leather. Physical and mechanical tests. Determination of tensile strength and percentage extension

EN 12089

Thermal insulating products for building applications. Determination of bending behaviour

EN 826

Thermal insulating products for building applications - determination of compression behaviour

ISO 23910

Leather - Physical and mechanical tests -Measurement of stitch tear resistance

ISO 3377-2

Leather -- Physical and mechanical tests -- Determination of tear load -- Part 2: Double edge tear

ISO 374-4

Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 4: Determination of resistance to degradation by chemicals

ISO 6425

Horology - Divers' watches

SAE AS7928

Terminals, Lug: Splices, Conductor: Crimp Style, Copper, General Specification for

Twin-column high capacity UTM with software control

Case study

Automotive chain drive components tension and compression testing

Student observes a three-point bend test of an Oreo, part of an in-class laboratory in their Introduction to Materials Science course. Real-time results from the MultiTest are projected in the classroom.

Case study

Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) finds Materials Science's sweet spot

Calibrated, measured load graphing visually indicates the sample’s performance as it is stretched

Case study

Fishing line and knot strength

MultiTest 50-i cable suspension system tester in-situ

Case study

Tensile testing wire joining systems

ISO13934-1 Strip method and ASTMD3217 Breaking tenacity loop method

Case study

Extreme sports waterproof bio-textile mechanical properties

Large solenoid tension test with pulley system

Case study

Solenoid force testing

Tension testing face mask loops for attachment strength

Case study

Face mask strength testing

Puncture resistance test of protective glove material specimen to ISO 374

Case study

Surgical rubber glove tensile strength testing

ASTM D1037 Furniture screw fixing pull out fixture in use on a coated surface panel

Case study

Tensile testing of board used in self-assembly and ready-made furniture

Leather sample specimen elongation test equipment to ISO 3376 with graphical results

Case study

Leather ISO Testing to Strength, Elongation and Tear Resistance Methods

Police Job Relate Fitness Test representative pass/fail effort calibration

Case study

Police force manual handling and protective clothing

Tensile strength testing of a children's bracelet

Case study

Jewellery testing to tensile strength standards for safety and durability

Fishing net tensile strength test to ISO 1806 with bollard grips

Case study

Fishing net tensile strength testing to ISO1805 and ISO1806

Handbag rotating clasp torque test with custom fixtures

Case study

Handbag clasps and other luggage components

Watch strap spring bar tensile strength test

Case study

Force testing of watch components and attachments

Mineral wool panel peel test and tensile strength test results

Case study

Mineral wool insulation panel testing

Syringe luer connecter pull-off strength [PDV10032]

Custom-fit

Glass syringe Luer lock attachment pull-off

Electrical filament pull-out test PDV13150

Custom-fit

Electrical assembly component strength

Suction fixture carton fold test, fully open position [PDV8017]

Custom-fit

Cardboard beverage bottle carrier unfolding

Medical tube pull-off [PDV14004]

Custom-fit

Syringe tube pull-off testing

Tensile test filtration sheet from medical device

Custom-fit

Inline respiratory filter pull test

Weld break test system MDD and AFG gauge display PDV9037

Custom-fit

Injection moulded assembly integrity

Cable cam grips [PDV12086] for pull test of spliced welded wire

Custom-fit

Cost effective cable strength testing

Cosmetics blusher brush being loaded into the fixture for bristle pull-out test with part PDV14098

Custom-fit

Cosmetics brush pull-out testing

Seat belt mechanism test close up on site

Case study

Seat belt locking device test

Multi-layer fabric tear resistance test

Case study

Peel strength and elongation testing of water-blocking tape

Medical injector testing fixtures designed in-house

Case study

Pen injector training aid testing

Asthma medical device spring testing on site

Case study

Respiratory device spring test

Food plastic film tensile test on a motorised tensile tester with digital gauge

Case study

Plastic film tension test

Plastic molded conveyor component tensile test

Case study

Plastic chain conveyor tensile strength test

Animal ID tag test and samples

Case study

Animal identification tags strength and disassembly testing

Battery terminal pull-off tensile testing in production facility

Case study

Battery terminal weld integrity tensile test

Car door closing effort test complete solution

Case study

Car door closure effort

Polythene film tensile strength testing at manufacturer with graphical output on screen

Case study

Tensile testing on polyethylene film

Elongation under tension testing of rubber sealing component material dogbone specimen

Case study

Tensile test on rubber gaskets

Surgical guidewire break strength test with pneumatic grips

Case study

Medical guidewire break strength test

Load cage fixture for multiple medical device tests

Case study

Medical devices testing

Cardboard packaging opening out from flat with vacuum fixture full system

Case study

Glued cardboard packaging integrity

Furniture webbing cyclic compression test

Case study

Furniture webbing tensile strength test

External festive lighting anchorage fixings and pull-out testing method

Case study

Festive lighting masonry anchorage strength checking

Cricket ball core compression test system applying load via a compression plate

Case study

Cricket ball compressive deformation strength and cover material tensile strength

Safety net strength test on site with software running on an attached touchscreen

Case study

Construction safety netting certification testing

Horizontally oriented test stand to measure the stroke force of solenoids

Case study

Solenoid testing

Shoulder joint prosthesis testing fixtures close-up montage

Case study

Shoulder prostheses tensile testing

Scaffold safety netting test using pin fixtures designed to ISO 1806 standard specification

Case study

Scaffold support netting tester

Airbag connector pull-off test on customer site and example specimen product

Case study

Safety critical welds in vehicle airbags

The needle to lancet pull-out test used a special upper fixture and a wedge grip

Case study

Needle to ferrule pull-out test

Hot-air balloon of fabric material

Case study

Hot air balloon cloth tensile strength and tear-resistance testing

Custom fixture to load and measure the displacement of the dispensing cap

Case study

End float test of inhaler cap

Extraction force of mounting clip test

Case study

Testing metal shutter raw material for tensile strength

Spring-examples-and-AFG-hook-compression-plate

Case study

Spring design and manufacture

Spider and silk thread tensile

Case study

Spider Silk Tensile Strength and Toughness

Sports drink cap pull off test close-up

Case study

ISBT sports closure tension test

Further test types

elongation and recovery

grab method (fabrics)

strip method (fabrics)